Three weeks after the release of our paper on the reconstructed ancestral flower in Nature Communications, I would like to share a few personal impressions on the media coverage of our story.

Although we planned for this (with several press releases in multiple languages) and hoped for some attention by the media, we have been overwhelmed by the public response to our paper. The story has been featured in more than 100 independent articles written in at least 23 different languages. We are of course thrilled about this. Who wouldn't be after working hard in the shadow on a large project like this for more than six years?

I have been recently convinced of the critical importance for us scientists to play an active role in public outreach, in whichever form it takes (see this post I wrote on the topic a few months ago). Here I need to clarify that I do not think that all scientific work can easily be promoted in the media, nor do I think that work that receives media attention is more important than other studies. But I am now convinced that looking for media attention, when the topic is suitable, can be very beneficial for both science and society.

Our eFLOWER project and paper are about much more than the ancestral flower, but we deliberately chose this angle early on because we had the intuition that it would appeal to general public interest (and, admittedly, help us target top journals). Over the years, I was comforted in this feeling when I talked about this study to many family members, friends, and colleagues from other disciplines. I was particularly affected (positively) when I explained the project to my young nieces and nephews on top of the French Alps three summers ago and realized that they could understand and even be excited about this work.

These are the reasons why we deliberately decided to portray a realistic 3D model of the ancestral flower, compatible with the results from our study. It was our key to public outreach, and it worked very well for this purpose!

We even made a short video of it (provided as Supplementary Movie 1 in our paper):

However, our choice to offer a single portrait of the hypothesized ancestral flower was risky because:

• we did not reconstruct relative sizes of organs, nor their shape or color (these traits are much too variable among living flowers to trace back 140 million years ago)
• 100 million other versions of this portrait would have been possible, given our results, which concerned only main structural traits such as number of parts, phyllotaxis, or symmetry
• much uncertainty remains in some of the traits we reconstructed (as clearly indicated on the original Fig. 1 of the paper and reported in the text and supplementary discussion)

This leads me to the unfortunate comparison with magnolia flowers (or other species such as water lilies or lotus) made in various media articles and abundant in comments by the general public.

​First, it is essential to understand that these potential resemblances are only superficial. Most magnolia flowers, for instance, only have three trimerous whorls of tepals, many more stamens and carpels than pictured in our 3D model, the stamens are spirally arranged (not whorled), and stamens and carpels are borne on an elongated receptacle (unlike our model, although this choice was arbitrary because we did not reconstruct this character). Water lilies usually have more perianth whorls and these are tetramerous (or higher merism), not trimerous, and the carpels are whorled and fused, much unlike our 3D model.

Yet, you might think that these are subtle differences mostly of interest to botanists, not the general public, so why are we avoiding so much these comparisons? Well, there are many good reasons:

• Direct comparisons of a 140-million year old ancestor with any living species is reminiscent of an old obsession by evolutionary biologists themselves, mostly throughout the 20th century, to try and find "most primitive" species among living members of a group. However, we no longer think of evolution this way, and instead view all living species (including you, me, the magnolia, and all other plants, animals, fungi, and microbes!) as the tips of the deep phylogenetic tree that connects us all. We have all evolved, in one way or another, since our deep-time ancestors, and that is true of all flowering plants (see this video I made on Plant evolution).
• As outlined above, any superficial resemblance with any living species to the nonbotanist eye is based mostly on arbitrary traits (size, shape, color, the general presentation of the open flower) that we have not analyzed in our paper. Therefore, this resemblance is mostly the result of the artist's touch, which we did not attempt to influence one way or another. I will explain in a future post or video how the 3D model was actually designed (see our Supplementary Information), but basically we provided the floral diagram below (based on our final results) to the illustrator and our main concern was that the 3D sculpture (below, center) that she made and that we subsequently scanned would be scientifically accurate for the floral structural traits that we analyzed.

Rafflesia and magnolia: think of both as freak flowers (secondary giants that probably look very different from their ancestors).

"Which modern-day flower does it resemble most?" was in fact one of the most common questions asked by journalists. I hope I have clarified why we refrained so much to offer any candidate, and why I often answered 'none, or all' to that question to avoid perpetrating obsolete concepts about evolution. Interestingly, the issue was also raised by a reviewer. You may find his/her comments as well as our response in the open peer review file attached to our paper.

So what is my main message here? We took the risk of offering a realistic, yet partly arbitrary image for our reconstructed ancestral flower, not everyone is happy with this specific image (some co-authors for instance were uncomfortable with the artist's choices), and it has prompted unavoidable direct comparisons with living flowers despite our best efforts to avoid them.

Although only time will tell, I actually think it does not matter! What is more important is that the mainstream media and general public have talked and learned something about floral evolution.

The main take-home messages from the media and the general public are actually very different from those of our article:

• all living flowers ultimately derive from a single ancestor, which also had a flower and lived at least 140 million years ago (in other words, flowering plants are monophyletic)
• the ancestral flower was bisexual and so are most living flowers; which led to this hilarious article by Pink News
• it is actually possible to go back in past and make inferences on ancestral features using a method called ancestral state reconstruction

If these are to be the main, unexpected impact points of our public outreach campaign, I will be glad and it was worth it! And if anyone is unhappy with the specifics of our particular 3D model to portray our results, I encourage them to produce new ones and I'll be very happy to review technical consistency with our study!

Examples of media coverage of the eFLOWER story:

• BBC: Did the first flower look like this?
• Discover: First Look At The First Flower, Ancestral To All Others
• Live Science: Blossoming Bisexual: World's 1st Flower Had Male and Female Parts
• New Scientist: What the first flower on Earth might have looked like
• Science: The world’s first flower may have looked like this
• The Guardian: Mother of all blooms: is this what the last common ancestor of flowers looked like?
• The Times: Scientists reconstruct the first flower
• USA Today: Prehistoric petals: Scientists reveal what the first flower looked like

Qian and I just spent two amazing weeks in China, primarily to attend the XIX International Botanical Congress (IBC 2017) in Shenzhen (pictured above).

The course (below, left) was a fantastic experience and Qian's introduction to phylogenetics was particularly appreciated by the students. It was also a unique opportunity to discover Chinese academia and campus life and try out delicious local food all week!

At the end of the week, we took a short field trip to the beautiful Tianmu Mountain (天目山), a three-hour drive west of Shanghai. We ate more delicious local food and hiked to the top of the mountain, checking out the local flora, including the majestic Cryptomeria trees (related to the giant sequoias of California), which, I only learned later, might not be so native after all :-(

We then finally headed to the IBC in the futuristic city of Shenzhen. This turned out to be the largest International Botanical Congress ever, with nearly 7000 participants from 77 countries, 1440 talks, 212 symposia, 3519 abstracts, and up to 28 concurrent sessions!! It would be impossible to describe the whole experience in a short blog post, and others have done it very well already, but this congress felt very special and we all had the feeling of witnessing something unique. The organization was, in general, outstanding, thanks to a massive investment by the local government, the work of over 1000 volunteers during the congress, and of course all of the hard work from the organization committee! Everything was and felt gigantic, from the exhibition hall to the welcome ceremony, the plenary room, and the gala dinner (photos below).

Scientifically, the IBC was very good. Susana Magallón and I had organized a symposium on Key questions on angiosperm macroevolution: where do we stand, and where are we heading now?, which took place on the first day and seems to have received very positive feedback, thanks to all the great speakers who accepted our invitation. Research by current and former members of our group and collaborators was also very well represented at the IBC, including talks by Julien Massoni, Renske Onstein, and Qian Zhang, and two talks on eFLOWER by Jürg Schönenberger and myself. We also managed to organize Qian's second PhD committee during the IBC, taking advantage of the presence of everyone involved (picture below).

The city of Shenzhen itself turned out to be really interesting, a sort of ultra-modern and futuristic version of China, with nonstop building at all times of day and night.

Last, as always, these conferences are especially important for all the social interactions that take place in between talks, during coffee breaks, lunches, and dinners. I particularly like the IBCs for this, as these are truly international meetings, where I get to see old and new friends from all around the World, including Latin America, North America, Europe, Australasia, and now China.

Elisabeth Reyes' comprehensive review of floral symmetry evolution in angiosperms was published this month in Taxon. In this paper, we reconstructed no less than 130 origins and 69 reversals of perianth zygomorphy (bilateral symmetry) in flowering plants, highlighting zygomorphy as even more labile than was previously thought! Although similar genes have been shown to be involved in floral symmetry at the genetic level, zygomorphy can take many different forms at the morphological level, as pictured above.

Reyes E, Sauquet H, Nadot S. 2016. Perianth symmetry changed at least 199 times in angiosperm evolution. Taxon: In press. link